List of Abstracts

Tumor heterogeneity remains one of the greatest challenges in contemporary oncological imaging. Despite remarkable advances in positron emission tomography (PET/CT), no single radiopharmaceutical can comprehensively characterize the complex biological landscape of malignant disease. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in glucose metabolism, receptor expression, cellular proliferation, hypoxia and stromal composition reflects the coexistence of distinct tumor cell populations with different therapeutic susceptibilities and prognostic significance. Consequently, molecular imaging increasingly faces a paradox: as the number of available PET tracers grows, so does the recognition that each interrogates only one aspect of tumor biology.

This limitation is already evident in routine clinical practice. In selected malignancies, including neuroendocrine neoplasms and advanced prostate cancer, complementary PET examinations using different radiopharmaceuticals are performed to capture distinct biological characteristics of the disease. Somatostatin receptor PET/CT combined with [18F]FDG PET/CT provides simultaneous information on tumor differentiation and metabolic aggressiveness in neuroendocrine tumors, while combined PSMA and [18F]FDG imaging identifies biologically heterogeneous lesions in advanced prostate cancer that may have important implications for prognosis and treatment selection. Rather than representing redundant investigations, these examinations provide complementary biological information that cannot be obtained using a single tracer alone.

The growing use of dual-tracer imaging highlights an important conceptual shift in PET. The objective is no longer to identify the single "best" radiopharmaceutical for a given malignancy, but to determine which combination of molecular biomarkers most accurately reflects disease biology in an individual patient. Discordant tracer uptake should therefore not be interpreted as conflicting findings but as evidence of biological heterogeneity, frequently identifying aggressive tumor clones associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Such imaging phenotypes increasingly serve as prognostic biomarkers and contribute to individualized therapeutic decision-making.

However, sequential multi-tracer imaging also presents important practical challenges. Multiple PET examinations increase healthcare costs, scanner utilization, patient burden, radiation exposure and logistical complexity. These limitations emphasize the need for imaging strategies capable of extracting additional biologically relevant information without proportionally increasing the number of examinations.

Recent developments in positronium imaging illustrate one possible direction for future research. Beyond conventional assessment of radiotracer biodistribution, positronium lifetime imaging has been proposed as a novel source of information reflecting the nanoscale microenvironment of tissues. Experimental and early translational studies suggest that positronium-related parameters may provide complementary tissue biomarkers associated with structural and pathological alterations. Although this technology remains at an early stage of development and its clinical utility has yet to be established in prospective studies, it exemplifies the emerging concept of multiparametric PET, in which multiple complementary biomarkers may be obtained during a single imaging examination. Rather than replacing established molecular tracers, positronium imaging could potentially enrich the biological information available from PET and, in selected clinical scenarios, reduce reliance on multiple sequential studies.

The future challenge for PET imaging is therefore unlikely to be the development of additional radiopharmaceuticals alone, but the effective integration of complementary biological information into clinically meaningful imaging biomarkers. Tumor heterogeneity should be regarded not merely as a limitation of molecular imaging but as an intrinsic characteristic of cancer that demands increasingly sophisticated imaging approaches. Multiparametric PET, combining conventional molecular imaging with emerging technologies such as positronium imaging, represents a promising avenue toward more comprehensive characterization of tumor biology and more accurate prognostic stratification. Further translational and clinical research will be essential to determine how these complementary imaging biomarkers can be incorporated into precision oncology while maintaining clinical feasibility and cost-effectiveness.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is one of the most sensitive tools for in vivo molecular imaging, but access to PET remains highly unequal worldwide. High equipment cost, specialized infrastructure, radiopharmaceutical supply, radiation dose, and the physical footprint of conventional scanners all limit wider use, particularly in resource-constrained settings [1]. Affordable PET should not mean low-end PET. Our view is that PET should be designed around the 5A principles—Affordable, Available, Accessible, Appropriate, and Acceptable—so that high-end molecular imaging can be delivered with less cost, dose, space, power, and infrastructure.

Our experience in building wearable, organ-dedicated, preclinical, and total-body PET systems suggests that affordability is fundamentally a system-design problem. PET does not need one universal architecture for every application. Detector coverage, scintillator materials, electronics, and system complexity should be matched to the clinical or scientific question. Depth-of-interaction (DOI) information helps mitigate parallax error and preserve spatial resolution in compact PET geometries. Improved time-of-flight (TOF) performance can be traded for better image quality or lower injected activity [2].

Our SmartBrain wearable brain PET is one example. Its published performance evaluation demonstrated 234-ps TOF resolution and visualization of 1.7-mm rods [3]. Ongoing engineering and clinical studies have since extended the platform to seated and freely moving human imaging. The system requires approximately 4 m² of space, and more than 20 human imaging examinations have been completed. A dedicated brain PET/CT follows the same principle from a different direction: concentrating detector coverage around the brain improves local sensitivity and spatial resolution while reducing system size. A dedicated low-cost brain CT can provide anatomical localization and attenuation correction at a substantially lower radiation dose than conventional whole-body CT.

Cost can also be addressed at the detector and electronics level. In a BGO-based DOI PET prototype, we achieved a central spatial resolution of 1.43 mm FWHM and clear separation of 1.5-mm rods. Unlike LYSO, BGO has no intrinsic ¹⁷⁶Lu background, which is advantageous for low-activity imaging. Our miniaturized readout electronics reduced module-level power consumption by approximately 80% while greatly reducing size and weight. Sparse detector designs are also being explored as a further way to reduce detector material and system cost.

For PET, sustainability has very practical consequences. Lower system and infrastructure costs determine whether scanners can be deployed. Lower material and power requirements reduce the engineering and environmental burden. Wider access determines whether technical advances ultimately benefit more patients. Total-body PET will remain essential where its exceptional sensitivity is needed [4], but many clinical and scientific questions can be addressed more appropriately with dedicated, wearable, or lower-cost systems.

Our long-term goal is simple: bring high-end PET to more people, in more places, at a cost and complexity that healthcare systems can realistically sustain.

Flogen Star Outreach initiative is historic, pragmatic, and farsighted. However, it needs to be expanded to include Planning, Architecture, Landscape, Urban Design, Art, and Services as a necessity of Holistic Humanism. We ought to adopt VAN-Urbanisation and the GAP-SEAL approach in the ultimate interest of Holistic Humanism. In the long run this will stop depletion of the world's Green Cover, and eventually restore Man's primordial relationship with Nature as a cult of digital divinity. We should draw up a comprehensive Action Plan to educate the politicians, bureaucrats, industrialists, traders, educationists, the élite, and the masses. This will entail a sustained attempt at allaying their fear about futuristic ideas because fear is the single most formidable factor that thwarts human creativity for the greatest good of the greatest number. An empathetic interactive pairing of Science and Religion alone could be an effective way to garner public support in the pursuit of Holistic Humanism. Such an approach will also educate the polluticians, bureaucrats, industrialists, traders, and corporate houses for achieving the goal of "the greatest good for the greatest number". This is a core principle of Utilitarianism, which states that the most ethical action is the one that produces the most happiness or well-being for the largest number of people. To my understanding, "Utility" is be-all and end-all Value of the IT Era. It must be added to the traditional values of Truth, Beauty, and Goodness. We should make ppt presentations of the ideas and ideals as the logical outcome of Flogen Star Outreach initiative concerning Sustainable Development as public-awareness programmes to orient people's thinking towards garnering support for the intended on-ground experimental city. For long-term benefits that will accrue from whole generations' involvement in Holistic Humanism we should introduce this project as a subject of teaching and research in schools, colleges, and universities for its mass scale implementation for societal good. Institutions offering courses in engineering, planning, and architecture should introduce comprehensive teaching and examination schemes on these lines. Professional pedagogy should come out of the classrooms to the studios where theory is transformed into the graphic language. From there it should go to the workshops for fabricating prototypes which could be shared with the industries for eventual development to be adopted in the planning and strategizing of Sustainable Development. Eventually, we should form Interdisciplinary Pressure Groups consisting of Scientists, Engineers, Architects, Planners, Urban Designers, Geographers, Botanists, Sociologists, et al, to engage in what I call Sustainable Development Activism. This alone could be a formidable force to counter threats to the Natural Environment posed by the lust for political power, bureaucratic indiscretions, and corporate greed at the cost of everything else. The intent, content, and the outcome of the interdisciplinary deliberations of this historic Symposium should be tested and pragmatically evaluated by using them in the making of a Model City that convincingly demonstrates the validity and verity of Sustainable Development. I call this project FUTUROPOLIS, City of the Future, for a population of 50,000.

Problem Current Digital Precision Agriculture (DPA) relies on remote sensing technologies—such as light reflectivity, soil sensors, and satellite maps—which only detect external changes after long-term stress exposure. Because these macro-methods cannot monitor immediate internal plant responses, evaluating fertilizer efficacy currently relies on post-harvest yield estimations. Given climate and soil variability, optimizing management strategies through yield data often takes several years.

Solution / Methods The RE-IMAGINE-CROPS initiative bridges basic plant science, agronomy, imaging technologies, and computer science to enable non-invasive, quantitative in-field measurement of early cellular and tissue processes. Nitrogen triggers rapid local and systemic signaling pathways that alter gene expression, metabolism, and nutrient transport within 5 to 120 minutes of application. To capture these early functional markers, the project pioneers a multimodal approach combining in-field Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with Optical Microscopy (specifically Multiphoton Endoscopy).

Results & Agronomic Integration In this work, we present the preliminary results from the deployment of a custom-engineered mobile digital PET system tailored for direct agricultural field use. By merging real-time functional PET data—such as dynamic tracer uptake and metabolic flux—with conventional agronomic metrics like ambient temperature, soil moisture, and spectral reflectivity, we demonstrate how high-resolution physiological insights can enrich macro-level crop models. This combined dataset provides a holistic view of plant health, bridging the gap between sub-cellular metabolic activity and overall crop performance.

Impact By making cellular and organ-scale biophysical processes measurable in the field within hours rather than months, this approach allows agronomists to evaluate treatment efficacy immediately. Farmers can fine-tune fertilizer types and rates within the same growth cycle, integrating microscopic and macroscopic functional imaging into standard DPA practice for truly quantitative, sustainable crop management.

In recent years the detection of physical parameters has been applied to precision land-analysis and environmental monitoring of air, water and soil by exploiting remotely piloted devices like unmanned ground, aerial, and satellite vehicles. 

Projects like SMARTER (Sustainable Monitoring And Remote-sensing Technology for Environmental Resources) have been funded by Regione Lombardia to allow academic and industrial partners to address the growing need to tackle environmental and climate issues through more sustainable and efficient management of natural resources. The integrated monitoring system that SMARTER aims to develop combines remote sensing technologies, ground-based sensors, and artificial intelligence (AI) to monitor air quality, manage water resources, and support agricultural soil health. Policies for extending this open and integrated approach to wider communities and novel technologies will be addressed.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has an unparalleled impact on the day-to-day practice of personalized medicine. Yet, PET scanners are extremely expensive, and only a small fraction of the world population, living in the wealthiest countries, has access to this diagnostic method. The Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) is a novel, cost-effective PET technology based on plastic scintillators [1,2]. J-PET is constructed based on low-cost, axially arranged plastic scintillators, which may enable the construction of PET scanners that are several times less expensive compared to current PET systems that are based     on radially arranged crystal detectors [3].

In the talk, the description of the J-PET's operational principle will be followed by a presentation of the first lightweight, portable J-PET system. This system, weighing only 60 kg, is based on plastic scintillators and features an adaptive imaging volume with a 50cm axial field-of-view [4]. We will present the first PET images from clinical examinations performed with the modular J-PET scanner at the Hospitals in Warsaw and in Kraków. We will present arguments demonstrating that J-PET is a solution for making advanced diagnostics more accessible and affordable worldwide, potentially benefiting millions of patients and driving further innovations in medical imaging, including in low- and medium-income countries. Finally, we will present a vision to increase the availability of PET diagnostics in low- and medium-income countries by combining     a low-cost modular J-PET with the 44Ti/44Sc generator [5]. The J-PET is a low-cost PET scanner, yet it is the first system capable of positronium [4] and quantum entanglement imaging [6,7], which holds potential for enhancing the specificity of PET diagnostics [8].

Nuclear Medical Imaging is at the forefront of molecular imaging diagnostic, theragnostic and treatment follow-up techniques for a number of diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative impairment, cardiovascular disorders, etc…). However, there is a dramatic unbalance for the access to molecular imaging diagnostic tools between highly developed and low- and medium-income countries (LCMIs).

In another domain, the demographic growth in the context of global warming increases the demand for identifying metabolic stresses in plants due to drought, lack of essential nutriments or diseases, early enough to save crops and contribute fighting against hunger. Here again, molecular imaging diagnostics approaches based on PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scanner technologies are highly relevant.

The recent development of ultrafast metascintillators using the impressive potential of quantum physics and nanophotonics, opens new perspectives for highly performant and cost-effective PET scanners and contribute to the second and third sustainable development goals of the United Nations:

• #2: No Hunger
• #3: Good Health and Well Being

Low-cost technologies designed specifically for LMICs can make huge strides toward addressing precise population health needs within the local context. The very fruitful cross-fertilisation between physics and medicine opens new ways to the development of highly sensitive, cost-effective and portable imaging approaches, allowing a better deployment of nuclear imaging modalities in LMICs, with a huge economic impact and high return for each invested dollar.

Fast timing increases the effective sensitivity of the scanner and allows reducing the dose injected to the patient and extend PET usage from simple diagnostic to screening populations at risk of high prevalence diseases in LMICs.

Open geometries with a reduced number of channels (spaced rings, plates) can be considered because fast timing suppresses artifacts from incomplete tomographic coverage. This point is particularly relevant for lowering the cost and designing more compact and transportable PET scanners, of high interest for the deployment of nuclear medicine in regions with a low density of population and for bringing PET scanners directly in the fields to test in situ the quality of the crops.

Background—Positron Emission Tomography (PET) provides non-invasive, quantitative, three-dimensional molecular imaging of regional tissue function by tracking radiolabeled tracer molecules throughout the human body. While PET has long been an essential tool in nuclear medicine both for clinical care and research, conventional designs lack axial range – and therefore body coverage – and detection efficiency. The advent of total-body PET (TB-PET) constitutes this decade’s biggest paradigm shift in molecular imaging, providing the ability to track tracers across the entire body simultaneously with much greater sensitivity. TB-PET not only provides improved image quality but also enables reduced dose, faster acquisition and higher patient throughput – all contributors to sustainability in PET imaging. Furthermore, dynamic TB data acquisition combined with mathematical modeling of the tracer uptake over time in each image voxel yields multi-parametric body maps that go beyond static tracer uptake. Parameters like the tracer delivery rate from blood to tissue (K₁), the net influx rate (K_i), as well as retention, and metabolic trapping can now be measured with precision. In oncology, this has already shown value. For example, K₁ improves tumor-to-background contrast in brain lesions where flow, not just metabolism, dominates conspicuity.

Perspective—The central question this talk addresses is whether TB-PET's system-wide sensitivity can be leveraged to broaden its application span beyond oncology, toward early detection and characterization of systemic diseases like autoimmune disorders, long COVID, metabolic dysfunction – to name a few. We present emerging, promising data across a range of applications: investigation of blood-brain barrier molecular properties, total-body perfusion imaging in peripheral vascular disease, cardiac perfusion imaging, T-cell tracking, diagnosing vascular and liver inflammation, lung and kidney function, and musculoskeletal disease. Together these examples illustrate TB-PET's capacity to probe multi-organ, multi-system pathology in ways conventional PET scanners cannot.

Outlook— Although TB-PET is increasingly used in clinical and research settings worldwide, methodological and infrastructural challenges continue to limit realization of its full potential. Scientifically, further efforts are needed to translate any novel application and complex whole-body information into validated clinical benefit. Equally important is extending access beyond a small number of well-resourced or government-supported centers. In addition to requiring a PET-enabling ecosystem – including radiopharmaceutical production, trained personnel, technical support, and data infrastructure – the high procurement cost and material burden of long detector arrays remain major barriers. More affordable and resource-efficient approaches, including sparse detector configurations, plastic-scintillator-based systems such as J-PET, and alternative geometries such as Walk-Through PET, could broaden access and support eventual deployment in low- and middle-income countries. Undeniably, reduced material use, or cost must not be offset by higher administered activities, longer examinations, or compromised diagnostic performance. Ultimately, sustainable TB- PET should be evaluated not by sensitivity alone, but by the verified health benefit delivered per unit of radiotracer, radiation exposure, energy, detector material, staff time, and cost. Lifecycle-conscious scanner design, optimized operation, and equitable deployment could therefore make TB-PET an important contributor to resilient healthcare and United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being.

Radionuclide therapy is rapidly expanding, with established applications using I-131 and growing use of Lu-177, Y-90 and Ra-223 [1]. Yet treatment is still predominantly based on fixed administered activities or standardized protocols. Because radiopharmaceutical uptake, retention and clearance vary substantially between patients, absorbed doses to tumors and organs at risk can vary widely. For I-131 therapy, patient-specific studies have reported absorbed doses ranging from 1.2 to 540 Gy [2]. This variability highlights the potential of personalized dosimetry to optimize treatment and reduce toxicity. Despite its clinical potential, routine implementation remains limited by the cost of specialized software, the time and resources required for quantitative imaging, the shortage of trained specialists, and poor reproducibility between services.

IRDose (https://irdose.com.br) aims to address these barriers through an integrated browser-based clinical platform combining cloud Monte Carlo dosimetry, AI-assisted automation of the dosimetric workflow, and complementary biokinetic acquisition using a low-cost wearable radiation detector. The platform is built on Django/Python, with GATE/Geant4 as its radiation-transport engine [3]. It requires no local installation or dedicated computational infrastructure and integrates activity quantification, image registration, AI-based organ and tumor segmentation, time–activity curve fitting, Monte Carlo dose calculation, and organ- and voxel-level reporting.

Variance-reduction techniques accelerate voxel-level Monte Carlo simulations by approximately 1400-fold compared with analog transport, achieving statistical uncertainties below 10% in target organs in approximately ten minutes on a desktop computer for Lu-177 and Ra-223 [4]. Preliminary patient results from Lu-177-PSMA therapy showed organ absorbed doses within approximately 10% of those obtained with a reference software. A prospective clinical validation study is currently under way across three Brazilian reference hospitals, involving Lu-177-DOTATATE and Lu-177-PSMA therapies.

A complementary low-cost wearable radiation dosimeter is being developed to enable biokinetic measurements beyond conventional imaging sessions [5]. The prototype, based on a 8 × 8 × 8 mm³ GAGG scintillator coupled to a silicon photomultiplier, achieves approximately 7.6% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV, count rates up to 120 kcps, dead time below 4 μs, and an energy range of approximately 30 keV–3 MeV. The device is being integrated with IRDose for future patient and home-monitoring applications, including I-131 therapy.

By delivering personalized dosimetry as a software-as-a-service platform, IRDose aims to reduce the infrastructure, software, and specialist requirements traditionally associated with patient-specific dosimetry. The integrated architecture may also provide sustainability benefits through reduced local computational infrastructure, more rational use of radiopharmaceuticals, and fewer patient journeys enabled by remote monitoring. By lowering the barrier to adoption, including for public hospitals, the platform could broaden access to personalized dosimetry and support more equitable precision radionuclide therapy. IRDose provides a working framework demonstrating the feasibility of combining cloud computing, Monte Carlo radiation transport, artificial intelligence, quantitative imaging, and wearable radiation detection within an integrated approach to personalized radionuclide therapy.

Total-body positron emission tomography (TB-PET) enables highly sensitive quantitative molecular imaging and dynamic assessment of tracer kinetics and whole-body disease processes [1]. However, the procurement cost and infrastructure requirements of high-performance crystal-based TB-PET systems such as uEXPLORER [2] remain barriers to widespread adoption. J-PET, based on long axial plastic scintillator detector strips [3] offers a potentially more cost-effective approach while exhibiting different spatial resolution and noise characteristics [3,4]. This motivates the question of whether emerging, lower-cost PET architectures can provide sufficient performance for specific clinical applications. A virtual clinical trial uses existing clinical or experimental PET datasets to model the imaging performance of an alternative scanner or acquisition strategy and evaluate its effect on application-specific measurements. This approach enables emerging technologies to be assessed before extensive clinical datasets are available [4,5].

A physics-guided methodology was developed and validated to generate a J-PET-like surrogate from uEXPLORER data. NEMA NU2 image-quality (IQ) phantom data acquired on J-PET and uEXPLORER were reconstructed under harmonized conditions using the CASToR image-reconstruction framework. uEXPLORER data were restricted to a 50-cm axial field of view (FOV) by reconstructing 175 of the 672 available detector rings, matching the axial coverage of J-PET. To approximate the transverse detector sampling of J-PET, uEXPLORER data were rebinned from 2.85 to 5.70 mm by combining adjacent detector crystals, followed by anisotropic Gaussian blurring in detector coordinates using kernels of 4 bins in the tangential direction and 18.5 bins in the axial direction. The degradation kernel that minimized the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) measured for the hot spheres in the IQ phantom was selected for surrogate generation. For realization-to-realization variability assessment, seven non-overlapping subsets, each containing approximately 36.9 million prompt events, were randomly extracted without replacement from the full uEXPLORER acquisition and reconstructed. Spatial resolution was evaluated using FWHM measurements obtained from sphere-centered line profiles, while contrast recovery was quantified using the contrast recovery coefficient (CRC). Background structure and intra-ROI noise were quantified using background variability (BV) and coefficient of variation (CV), respectively, using background regions of interest defined according to the NEMA NU 2 methodology. The two smallest spheres (10 and 13 mm) were excluded from the FWHM analysis because their limited spatial sampling resulted in FWHM estimates with greater uncertainty.

Excluding the two smallest spheres (10 and 13 mm), the surrogate achieved transaxial and axial FWHM RMSE values of 1.88 ± 0.52 mm and 4.05 ± 1.59 mm, respectively, relative to J-PET across the seven independent realizations. Contrast recovery and noise characteristics were quantified by CRC, BV, and CV, yielding RMSE values of 3.57 ± 0.17, 1.36 ± 0.38, and 0.89 ± 0.07 percentage points, respectively. These results demonstrate that controlled transverse rebinning and detector-coordinate spatial degradation of uEXPLORER data can reproduce key J-PET image-quality characteristics. A key limitation of this study is that validation was performed using a NEMA image-quality phantom, demonstrating agreement in standardized image-quality metrics but not necessarily equivalence for clinical imaging tasks. Future work will extend the surrogate methodology to dynamic and human datasets, enabling virtual clinical studies that transform existing uEXPLORER acquisitions to J-PET-like performance and assess their impact on application-specific endpoints, including tracer kinetics, quantitative uptake, and lesion detectability.

Positronium imaging is a method enabling visualization of positronium properties in living organisms, such as mean lifetime, formation probability, and the 3γ to 2γ annihilation rate ratio [1-4]. Recent advancements include the first images of positronium lifetime in the human brain [5] and images of 3γ electron-positron annihilations [6].

Quantum Entanglement Imaging maps the degree of entanglement of annihilation photons in living organisms. Initial findings suggest the degree of entanglement varies with the annihilation mechanism and material [7], making it a promising diagnostic 
tool [8]. We recently demonstrated the first-in-human quantum entanglement imaging, marking a first step toward its clinical translation [9].

We will discuss the development of positronium imaging and quantum entanglement imaging as potential biomarkers for tissue pathology [8,10], hypoxia [8,11], and early neurodegenerative diseases. Our mission is to pioneer affordable PET systems that enable these advanced imaging techniques.
 

In Positron Emission Tomography (PET), measuring the difference in arrival time of the two annihilation photons (time-of-flight, TOF) localizes the decay along the line of response and directly improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the image. The gain in coincidence time resolution (CTR) can be converted into better lesion detectability and quantification or into a proportional reduction of the injected activity and of the scan time. This leads to lower patient dose, higher throughput, and a more sparing use of the radioisotopes.

High sensitivity demands long scintillators, which introduce both parallax errors and a spread in optical photon propagation time. This can be recovered by measuring the depth of interaction (DOI) of the incident gamma rays. In this work we show that DOI capability and excellent timing are not antagonistic requirements, and that in fact the DOI coordinate can itself be used to recover timing performance.

The approach is based on matrices of laterally depolished LYSO:Ce scintillators, separated by specular reflector foils, read out on one side only by an array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with fewer channels than crystals, and closed on the opposite side by a light guide that recirculates and shares the scintillation light within the matrix. The DOI coordinate is extracted, without any additional readout channel, as the ratio between the light collected by the SiPM facing the crystal of interaction and the total light collected by the array [1]. Modules have been characterized with custom NINO-based electronics [2], with the commercial TOFPET2 ASIC [3], and with a low-noise multi-channel high-frequency (HF) front-end board [4] that allows a very low leading-edge threshold and thus exploits the earliest, prompt photons.

The most recent results have been obtained with modules built with 20 mm long LYSO:Ce crystals and read out by the multi-channel HF board. A DOI resolution of 2.2 +/- 0.2 mm FWHM and an energy resolution of 9.6% FWHM at 511 keV were obtained. At the same time, an excellent CTR of 133 +/- 2 ps FWHM is achieved once the DOI-dependent time bias is removed. This matches the time resolution measured on an equivalent module built without any DOI capability, demonstrating that depth information can be obtained at no cost in timing. The same light-sharing scheme read out by the commercially available TOFPET2 ASIC reaches about 220 ps with comparable DOI resolution, showing that the approach is transferable to a full-size, industrially producible scanner.

In conclusion, we developed a light-sharing DOI scheme which, combined with fast multi-channel electronics, forms a coherent design strategy that improves time and spatial resolution of PET scanners based on conventional LYSO:Ce, and extracts substantially more information from every event.
 

Quantum social science (QSS) is the latest and swashbuckling progress in the genre of social science research, which got off to a start since 2013 only. This is an extrapolation of Heisenberg’s and Schrödinger’s empirical research on quantum mechanics harbouring on entanglement and complementarity principles. The present paper delves deeper into the possibility of its application in studying extension science, the realm of behavioural dynamics of technology response, networking and socialization across the planks of entanglement, complementarity and multiple reality. It also focuses lights on Schrödinger’s empiricism on super positioning of single truth with dual expression and possibilities as well. This is going to be a breakthrough conceptual revolution for elucidating technology-behaviour duality in drawing upon policy implications for both extension methods and strategy in the light of the most advanced physics of present-day civilization. The study was conducted on the technology socialization behaviour of rice, oilseeds and vegetable growers, 90 in count, in the selected locations of West Bengal, India. The study reveals the unique entanglement of response behaviour of 45 coupling farmers reigning in different locations. The complexity index, ecology entanglement index and entropy index were developed to estimate the degree of entanglement beyond the locational and geographical settings. The diode of cases was considered rather than the number of respondents. Crop ecological entanglement network; Functional ecological entanglement network had been created based on Factor Eigen Values.

Scintillators, particularly inorganic compounds can be fabricated from a wide range of materials with a large variety of natural abundances in the earth's crust.  The earth's oceans offer additional possibilities as a source of otherwise rare materials.  In addition, several different synthesis routes can be used to optimize various properties for various applications.  Synthesis approaches include single crystal growth, often with the Czochralski and Bridgman techniques; ceramic manufacturing based on solid state reactions at elevated temperatures and pressures; as well as aqueous chemistry at low temperature.  This flexibility creates a special opportunity to combine the aspects of high performance materials with sustainable manufacturing if we can eventually understand the tradeoffs among performance, green manufacturing, and cost.  Important properties of scintillators in general include emission efficiency, luminescence lifetime, detection efficiency of high energy radiation including X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, and neutrons.  The capability of making coincidence tiiming measurements in the picosecond regime is crucial for the future of medical imaging.

The World Health Assembly’s Resolution WHA78.13, “Strengthening Medical Imaging Capacity,” unanimously adopted in May 2025, represents a landmark global commitment to improving access to medical imaging and nuclear medicine. The resolution recognizes the critical role of imaging and theranostics in healthcare and addresses major disparities in access, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where shortages of trained personnel, imaging equipment, and radiopharmaceuticals limit patient care. Evidence demonstrates that expanding imaging services could save millions of lives while generating substantial economic benefits.

For nuclear medicine, the resolution provides a powerful policy framework encouraging countries to integrate imaging and theranostics into national health plans and universal health coverage. Key priorities include investment in SPECT and PET infrastructure, workforce education and training, radiation safety, reliable radiopharmaceutical supply chains, and adoption of digital technologies, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence. With implementation support from WHO, IAEA, WFNMB, and other professional organizations, and with progress reporting scheduled through 2031, WHA78.13 creates an unprecedented opportunity to expand equitable access to high-quality nuclear medicine services worldwide, improving patient outcomes and reducing global health inequalities.

USING SILBERSTEIN-ROWLANDS VECTORS TO UNITE, NOT UNIFY, THE CONTINUOUS GR & DISCRETE QM REGIMES
We modify and generalize the original 1907 Riemann-Silberstein vector F=E+icB and propose a new model  reframing how continuous and discrete physical systems interact. Both relativistic and quantum structures can be analyzed as implementations of Silberstein-Rowlands vector, defined as V=R+iG. This design partitions physical parameters across an ontological boundary: the real part R isolates the smooth, non-local continuous vacuum continuum, while the imaginary part it governs discrete, localized quantum actions. By enforcing  Rowlands’ Nilpotency Zero-Totality condition V•V=0 we show that fundamental conservation laws and field equations emerge naturally as localized balances. We derive a universal geometric scaling threshold, |V| = √2 |R| = √2 |G|, which provides an exact kinematic and topological lockstep. We apply this model across four fundamental domains to deduce: (i) the light cone in Minkowski spacetime, (ii) standard electromagnetic wave invariants E=cB, (iii) an exact relativistic velocity threshold at v=c/√2 where translational kinetic energy perfectly balances invariant rest energy, and (iv) the Weak Equivalence Principle (mass_grav=mass_iner) as mandatory algebraic consequences of vacuum stability. Finally, we map this framework onto Schrödinger and Dirac differential operators providing a streamlined geometric mechanism for particle spin, charge quantization, and quark confinement.